This paper presents a new comprehensive survey of the free-space optical (FSO) system, highlighting its operations and applications in outdoor optical communication underlying its interaction with the environment. As the application portfolio of FSO technology grows, so does the need for a clear classification for FSO link configurations.  Most existing surveys and classifications are single-level classifications using traditional survey methods, and thus not inclusive enough to accommodate recent and emerging changes and developments of different FSO link configurations and systems. To that end, this paper adopts a novel methodology to analyze, visualize, and interpret the researchers' trends of 5075 relevant literature published documents (journal papers, conference papers, books. etc) from 2017 to Fab-2024. The process of summarizing and analyzing is encompassing by adopting hierarchal multi-level classifications to the key performance evaluations, motivations, challenges, and contributions related to FSO systems. The survey is started by understanding the keys performance of FSO such as matrices models and mathematical models. Then, the survey process is followed by investigating the outdoor FSO applications (urban, satellite, smart city, military, healthcare, disasters, and sensing applications) then we rely on listing and dividing the outdoor FSO networks into sub-networks based on the FSO’s architectural structures (point-to-multipoint, mobile network, long-range transmission, heterogeneous). In turn, outdoor impairments are classified into two categories: 1) environmental factors (weather and atmospheric conditions), and 2) components systems (source types and mechanical issues). We demonstrate the impact of these impairments in terms of the optical phenomena (effects), such as scattering, reflection, refraction, absorption, shadowing, and consequences (outcomes), such as pointing error, misalignments, beam divergence, etc).  Finally, multi-technical solutions are listed and analyzed based on the researchers' contributions, such as Modulation, detection techniques, relay, array, and retroflectors. This paper is the first paper that adopts the statistical analysis approach for studying the FSO in outdoor applications, making this approach a good choice for future researchers to prioritize their decisions about future trends and target their improvements.